Welcome to our RSV hub where you can find out more about respiratory syncytial virus, pronounced "sin-si-tial", otherwise known as RSV.
In Australia, RSV outbreaks typically occur during the autumn and winter months, often peaking in June and July; however, in tropical regions, such as northern Australia, seasonality can be less pronounced and may coincide with the rainy season and therefor year-round.
RSV is a highly contagious virus that enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth, and which can then cause respiratory symptoms and illness (symptoms and illness affecting the nose, throat and/or lungs and airways).1–4
RSV may be spread from person-to-person, when someone who is infected with RSV passes the virus onto someone else. For example: It can be easily spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes near someone else, or when direct physical contact occurs between someone who is infected with RSV and someone who is not.1–3
Research has shown that RSV is mostly spread to babies and infants by older siblings or other children.5,6
People – including babies and infants – can also become infected with RSV if they touch surfaces that are contaminated with the virus, and then touch their eyes, nose or mouth.1–3
RSV can survive on a wide variety of surfaces, both hard and soft,2 but tends to live longer on hard surfaces (e.g. plastic toys, utensils) than it does on soft surfaces (e.g. clothing).2 In general, it can survive on surfaces or objects for about 4 to 7 hours.7
Like influenza (flu) infections, RSV infections tend to be seasonal in nature; this means that the number of people with RSV infection is often higher during a certain period of the year (‘RSV season’), compared with other times.8–10
In most temperate regions of Australia, seasonal RSV outbreaks occur during autumn and winter – usually between April and September.8 The RSV season peaks during June and July, often preceding the flu season.8
In tropical regions, such as northern Australia, RSV seasonality can be less pronounced and may coincide with rainy seasons.8
During the COVID-19 pandemic, RSV activity substantially declined and seasonal patterns were disrupted, with large-scale out-of-season RSV outbreaks occurring during the period when pandemic restrictions were eased.8,11,12 Although RSV activity seems to be returning towards a pre-COVID-19 pandemic seasonal pattern,8 it remains unclear how long the disruptions to more normal seasonal patterns will persist. For this reason, it is more important than ever to remain vigilant – and do things that will help prevent the spread of RSV infection – all year around.
You can check or monitor current levels of RSV activity in Australia by using the RSV tracker below: https://resvinet.org/rsv-tools/rsv-dashboard/
It is important to remember that anyone can get an RSV infection and people can also become infected with RSV more than once.8 Previous RSV infection may provide some immunity against getting infected again, but such natural immunity is not long-standing and reinfection is therefore still possible.8
RSV infections among infants and young children – including infections that lead to severe illness – may be much more common than you realise. In fact, it may surprise you to learn that:
- Half of all officially reported RSV infections in Australia are in children aged under five years 4
- Prior to RSV infant protection options, around 15,000 Australian children aged under five years are admitted to hospital yearly due to RSV and up to one in four (25%) of these children will spend time in the intensive care unit.10
RSV infection is so common that almost all children will have been infected with RSV by the time they are two years old.4
The risk of contracting RSV during pregnancy isn’t well studied, but evidence suggests that RSV infections during pregnancy are rare (i.e. occurring in around 2 of every 1,000 pregnancies).13
If you are concerned about your risk of RSV infection, speak with your healthcare provider.
Babies and infants born prematurely (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) are at higher risk of serious RSV infection than those born at term (37 weeks of pregnancy or more).14,15
Speak with your healthcare provider to learn more.
RSV infection can cause severe disease, particularly in very young and older people.8
All babies, infants and young children are at risk of contracting RSV, and potentially progressing to severe illness, even those who are otherwise healthy and have no underlying health conditions.8-10
Particular groups may be at an increased risk of developing severe infections, including:2,9,10,15,16
- Infants with underlying chronic illnesses
- Infants and children with a weakened immune system
- Australian Indigenous children (who are at increased risk of severe RSV and 2 times more likely to be hospitalised for RSV, compared with non-Indigenous children)
- Premature babies
- Low birth weight babies.
Older children may also be at increased risk of developing severe symptoms following RSV infection if they have existing chronic heart, lung or immune problems.
Anyone can be infected by RSV, but some people – including babies – are more at risk of developing serious RSV-related illness than others.17,18 This is because:18–23
- Babies have very small, fragile lungs during their first year of life and their narrow airways are much more likely to become blocked with mucus during an RSV infection, which can make it difficult for them to breathe
- Babies’ immune systems are also still continuing to develop and mature, which makes it difficult for them to produce a strong enough immune response to protect themselves against RSV.
For most people, RSV infection causes a mild respiratory illness. Symptoms typically begin 2 to 8 days after exposure to the virus and may last for a week or more.9,10,15
In mild cases, symptoms can include:*9,15
- Runny or blocked nose
- Cough
- Sneezing
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Headache
- Poor appetite
- Ear infection (less common).
In more severe cases, symptoms may include:*3,9
- Wheezing
- Difficulty breathing
- Severe cough
- Fever
- Bluish colour of the skin due to lack of oxygen (cyanosis)
- Lethargy (in babies)
- Poor feeding (in babies)
- Irritability (in babies).
* NOTE: This is not a complete list; other symptoms can occur and infants may not experience all of these symptoms.
If you are concerned about your child's health, seek medical advice.
It is recommended that you call Triple Zero (000) or go to a hospital Emergency Department immediately if your child develops severe symptoms, such as:9,15
- Difficulty breathing
- Grunting noises while breathing
- Dehydration – when a child is not taking in enough fluid
- Blue-coloured lips or skin.
It’s possible for people to be infected with RSV – and be an ‘RSV carrier’ – without displaying any signs or symptoms of illness; such individuals – who may not even realise they are infected with RSV – are still able to pass the virus to someone else.2,17
Although RSV usually only causes mild illness and most babies, infants and young children will recover from RSV disease at home, it is still important to try to prevent RSV infections – and take RSV infections seriously when they occur – because RSV infections can quickly progress from a mild illness to a more severe one.1,24
RSV infections can lead to the development of other conditions, such as bronchiolitis (when the small breathing tubes in the lungs become narrow and inflamed) or pneumonia (when the air sacs in the lungs become infected), which can be severe in infants, especially in those aged under 12 months.10,15 In fact, RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants aged under 12 months.10
In babies, RSV infections can become severe within just a few days and potentially lead to the development of bronchiolitis or pneumonia.1,15,24 Each of these potential complications can make it harder for babies to breathe and may need to be treated in hospital.9 Signs that a baby is struggling to breathe can include wheezing, grunting, or breathing faster than usual.*15
Importantly, it is difficult to predict which babies will become seriously ill and require hospital care after becoming infected with RSV.26,27 RSV infection during childhood can also lead to long-term respiratory problems, such as asthma, that persist into adulthood.9 These are just two further reasons why it important to try to prevent RSV infections in first place.
* NOTE: It is recommended that you call Triple Zero (000) or go to a hospital Emergency Department immediately if your child develops severe symptoms, such as:9,15
- Difficulty breathing
- Grunting noises while breathing
- Dehydration – when a child is not taking in enough fluid
- Blue-coloured lips or skin.
The good news is that there are steps you can take to help protect babies, infants and children (as well as adults) from RSV.
One of the simplest ways to help protect anyone from RSV is to do things that help stop the virus from spreading in the community and from person-to-person. You can do this by doing things like:3,10,28
- Washing your hands regularly with soap and warm water and/or using hand sanitiser
- Wearing a mask in crowded areas and when you are visiting individuals at high risk of RSV infection and related illness
- Regularly cleaning surfaces and items that may be contaminated with RSV, including toys shared among children
- Staying at home if you don't feel well
- Covering your nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing
- Not sharing cups, glasses or cutlery with people if you're unwell
- Throwing out tissues as soon as you've used them.
It also helps to avoid contact with people who are at high-risk of severe RSV infection – such as infants, older people and immunocompromised individuals – when you have possible symptoms of RSV yourself.
Depending on the situation, people who wish to help further protect a baby from RSV may also be able to consider:
- Vaccination in pregnancy (ViP) – where a vaccine against RSV is administered to an individual during pregnancy, so that individual’s body starts to make antibodies against RSV and these protective antibodies are then passed to the infant through the placenta.8,29
OR - Administering preventative antibodies to the baby (specific antibodies that can protect against RSV and help prevent RSV-related symptoms or illness), remembering that babies’ immune systems are still developing and so they may not be able to quickly fight off an infection – such as an RSV infection – on their own.8,22,29,30
Please speak with you healthcare provider for more information about these and other possible ways help protect you and your loved ones from RSV.
Your doctor or health care provider can confirm whether you or your child has RSV by testing samples taken from the nose or throat.17,31 However, such testing is not routinely recommended because there is no RSV-specific treatment available.31
Sometimes doctors will be able to diagnose RSV based on signs and symptoms alone.9
There is currently no specific curative treatment for RSV infection. For this reason, prevention is the preferred strategy when seeking to protect babies, infants and young children (as well as adults) from RSV and the potentially severe illness it can cause.10
In most cases, the symptoms of RSV infection can be managed at home.9,15 Symptoms may get worse during the first 2–3 days and can last up to 10 days.3 Depending on how unwell they are, children may take up to two weeks to recover.15
For anyone who becomes infected with RSV, treatment – aimed at managing and relieving symptoms – may include:9,10,15
- Bed rest
- Staying hydrated (e.g. by taking regular sips of water
- More frequent feeds for babies
- Use of paracetamol and ibuprofen to relieve fever.
In cases of more severe RSV, requiring treatment in hospital, the person being treated may also receive fluids, supplemental oxygen and/or antibiotics to treat any secondary infections, such as pneumonia.15
NOTE: If you are concerned about your child's health, seek medical advice.It is recommended that you call Triple Zero (000) or go to a hospital Emergency Department immediately if your child develops severe symptoms, such as:9,15
- Difficulty breathing
- Grunting noises while breathing
- Dehydration – when a child is not taking in enough fluid
- Blue-coloured lips or skin.
In Australia, RSV outbreaks typically occur during the autumn and winter months, often peaking in June and July; however, in tropical regions, such as northern Australia, seasonality can be less pronounced and may coincide with the rainy season and therefor year-round.
RSV is a highly contagious virus that enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth, and which can then cause respiratory symptoms and illness (symptoms and illness affecting the nose, throat and/or lungs and airways).1–4
RSV may be spread from person-to-person, when someone who is infected with RSV passes the virus onto someone else. For example: It can be easily spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes near someone else, or when direct physical contact occurs between someone who is infected with RSV and someone who is not.1–3
Research has shown that RSV is mostly spread to babies and infants by older siblings or other children.5,6
People – including babies and infants – can also become infected with RSV if they touch surfaces that are contaminated with the virus, and then touch their eyes, nose or mouth.1–3
RSV can survive on a wide variety of surfaces, both hard and soft,2 but tends to live longer on hard surfaces (e.g. plastic toys, utensils) than it does on soft surfaces (e.g. clothing).2 In general, it can survive on surfaces or objects for about 4 to 7 hours.7
Like influenza (flu) infections, RSV infections tend to be seasonal in nature; this means that the number of people with RSV infection is often higher during a certain period of the year (‘RSV season’), compared with other times.8–10
In most temperate regions of Australia, seasonal RSV outbreaks occur during autumn and winter – usually between April and September.8 The RSV season peaks during June and July, often preceding the flu season.8
In tropical regions, such as northern Australia, RSV seasonality can be less pronounced and may coincide with rainy seasons.8
During the COVID-19 pandemic, RSV activity substantially declined and seasonal patterns were disrupted, with large-scale out-of-season RSV outbreaks occurring during the period when pandemic restrictions were eased.8,11,12 Although RSV activity seems to be returning towards a pre-COVID-19 pandemic seasonal pattern,8 it remains unclear how long the disruptions to more normal seasonal patterns will persist. For this reason, it is more important than ever to remain vigilant – and do things that will help prevent the spread of RSV infection – all year around.
You can check or monitor current levels of RSV activity in Australia by using the RSV tracker below: https://resvinet.org/rsv-tools/rsv-dashboard/
It is important to remember that anyone can get an RSV infection and people can also become infected with RSV more than once.8 Previous RSV infection may provide some immunity against getting infected again, but such natural immunity is not long-standing and reinfection is therefore still possible.8
RSV infections among infants and young children – including infections that lead to severe illness – may be much more common than you realise. In fact, it may surprise you to learn that:
- Half of all officially reported RSV infections in Australia are in children aged under five years 4
- Prior to RSV infant protection options, around 15,000 Australian children aged under five years are admitted to hospital yearly due to RSV and up to one in four (25%) of these children will spend time in the intensive care unit.10
RSV infection is so common that almost all children will have been infected with RSV by the time they are two years old.4
The risk of contracting RSV during pregnancy isn’t well studied, but evidence suggests that RSV infections during pregnancy are rare (i.e. occurring in around 2 of every 1,000 pregnancies).13
If you are concerned about your risk of RSV infection, speak with your healthcare provider.
Babies and infants born prematurely (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) are at higher risk of serious RSV infection than those born at term (37 weeks of pregnancy or more).14,15
Speak with your healthcare provider to learn more.
RSV infection can cause severe disease, particularly in very young and older people.8
All babies, infants and young children are at risk of contracting RSV, and potentially progressing to severe illness, even those who are otherwise healthy and have no underlying health conditions.8-10
Particular groups may be at an increased risk of developing severe infections, including:2,9,10,15,16
- Infants with underlying chronic illnesses
- Infants and children with a weakened immune system
- Australian Indigenous children (who are at increased risk of severe RSV and 2 times more likely to be hospitalised for RSV, compared with non-Indigenous children)
- Premature babies
- Low birth weight babies.
Older children may also be at increased risk of developing severe symptoms following RSV infection if they have existing chronic heart, lung or immune problems.
Anyone can be infected by RSV, but some people – including babies – are more at risk of developing serious RSV-related illness than others.17,18 This is because:18–23
- Babies have very small, fragile lungs during their first year of life and their narrow airways are much more likely to become blocked with mucus during an RSV infection, which can make it difficult for them to breathe
- Babies’ immune systems are also still continuing to develop and mature, which makes it difficult for them to produce a strong enough immune response to protect themselves against RSV.
For most people, RSV infection causes a mild respiratory illness. Symptoms typically begin 2 to 8 days after exposure to the virus and may last for a week or more.9,10,15
In mild cases, symptoms can include:*9,15
- Runny or blocked nose
- Cough
- Sneezing
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Headache
- Poor appetite
- Ear infection (less common).
In more severe cases, symptoms may include:*3,9
- Wheezing
- Difficulty breathing
- Severe cough
- Fever
- Bluish colour of the skin due to lack of oxygen (cyanosis)
- Lethargy (in babies)
- Poor feeding (in babies)
- Irritability (in babies).
* NOTE: This is not a complete list; other symptoms can occur and infants may not experience all of these symptoms.
If you are concerned about your child's health, seek medical advice.
It is recommended that you call Triple Zero (000) or go to a hospital Emergency Department immediately if your child develops severe symptoms, such as:9,15
- Difficulty breathing
- Grunting noises while breathing
- Dehydration – when a child is not taking in enough fluid
- Blue-coloured lips or skin.
It’s possible for people to be infected with RSV – and be an ‘RSV carrier’ – without displaying any signs or symptoms of illness; such individuals – who may not even realise they are infected with RSV – are still able to pass the virus to someone else.2,17
Although RSV usually only causes mild illness and most babies, infants and young children will recover from RSV disease at home, it is still important to try to prevent RSV infections – and take RSV infections seriously when they occur – because RSV infections can quickly progress from a mild illness to a more severe one.1,24
RSV infections can lead to the development of other conditions, such as bronchiolitis (when the small breathing tubes in the lungs become narrow and inflamed) or pneumonia (when the air sacs in the lungs become infected), which can be severe in infants, especially in those aged under 12 months.10,15 In fact, RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants aged under 12 months.10
In babies, RSV infections can become severe within just a few days and potentially lead to the development of bronchiolitis or pneumonia.1,15,24 Each of these potential complications can make it harder for babies to breathe and may need to be treated in hospital.9 Signs that a baby is struggling to breathe can include wheezing, grunting, or breathing faster than usual.*15
Importantly, it is difficult to predict which babies will become seriously ill and require hospital care after becoming infected with RSV.26,27 RSV infection during childhood can also lead to long-term respiratory problems, such as asthma, that persist into adulthood.9 These are just two further reasons why it important to try to prevent RSV infections in first place.
* NOTE: It is recommended that you call Triple Zero (000) or go to a hospital Emergency Department immediately if your child develops severe symptoms, such as:9,15
- Difficulty breathing
- Grunting noises while breathing
- Dehydration – when a child is not taking in enough fluid
- Blue-coloured lips or skin.
The good news is that there are steps you can take to help protect babies, infants and children (as well as adults) from RSV.
One of the simplest ways to help protect anyone from RSV is to do things that help stop the virus from spreading in the community and from person-to-person. You can do this by doing things like:3,10,28
- Washing your hands regularly with soap and warm water and/or using hand sanitiser
- Wearing a mask in crowded areas and when you are visiting individuals at high risk of RSV infection and related illness
- Regularly cleaning surfaces and items that may be contaminated with RSV, including toys shared among children
- Staying at home if you don't feel well
- Covering your nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing
- Not sharing cups, glasses or cutlery with people if you're unwell
- Throwing out tissues as soon as you've used them.
It also helps to avoid contact with people who are at high-risk of severe RSV infection – such as infants, older people and immunocompromised individuals – when you have possible symptoms of RSV yourself.
Depending on the situation, people who wish to help further protect a baby from RSV may also be able to consider:
- Vaccination in pregnancy (ViP) – where a vaccine against RSV is administered to an individual during pregnancy, so that individual’s body starts to make antibodies against RSV and these protective antibodies are then passed to the infant through the placenta.8,29
OR - Administering preventative antibodies to the baby (specific antibodies that can protect against RSV and help prevent RSV-related symptoms or illness), remembering that babies’ immune systems are still developing and so they may not be able to quickly fight off an infection – such as an RSV infection – on their own.8,22,29,30
Please speak with you healthcare provider for more information about these and other possible ways help protect you and your loved ones from RSV.
Your doctor or health care provider can confirm whether you or your child has RSV by testing samples taken from the nose or throat.17,31 However, such testing is not routinely recommended because there is no RSV-specific treatment available.31
Sometimes doctors will be able to diagnose RSV based on signs and symptoms alone.9
There is currently no specific curative treatment for RSV infection. For this reason, prevention is the preferred strategy when seeking to protect babies, infants and young children (as well as adults) from RSV and the potentially severe illness it can cause.10
In most cases, the symptoms of RSV infection can be managed at home.9,15 Symptoms may get worse during the first 2–3 days and can last up to 10 days.3 Depending on how unwell they are, children may take up to two weeks to recover.15
For anyone who becomes infected with RSV, treatment – aimed at managing and relieving symptoms – may include:9,10,15
- Bed rest
- Staying hydrated (e.g. by taking regular sips of water
- More frequent feeds for babies
- Use of paracetamol and ibuprofen to relieve fever.
In cases of more severe RSV, requiring treatment in hospital, the person being treated may also receive fluids, supplemental oxygen and/or antibiotics to treat any secondary infections, such as pneumonia.15
NOTE: If you are concerned about your child's health, seek medical advice.It is recommended that you call Triple Zero (000) or go to a hospital Emergency Department immediately if your child develops severe symptoms, such as:9,15
- Difficulty breathing
- Grunting noises while breathing
- Dehydration – when a child is not taking in enough fluid
- Blue-coloured lips or skin.
Although most cases of RSV infection in babies are mild and clear up on their own, some can be more serious. Lauren – whose twin boys were just a week old when they were each hospitalised with RSV – wants other parents to understand the risk.
Although most cases of RSV infection in babies are mild and clear up on their own, some can be more serious. Lauren – whose twin boys were just a week old when they were each hospitalised with RSV – wants other parents to understand the risk.
Watch to learn more about RSV, including what it is, when babies and infants are most at risk of contracting an RSV infection, why it’s important to help prevent RSV infections and the things parents can do to help protect babies and infants from RSV and its potentially serious consequences.
Watch to learn more about RSV, including what it is, when babies and infants are most at risk of contracting an RSV infection, why it’s important to help prevent RSV infections and the things parents can do to help protect babies and infants from RSV and its potentially serious consequences.
Together Against RSV is a disease awareness initiative from Sanofi to educate and inform the general public about illnesses caused by RSV.
Together Against RSV is a disease awareness initiative from Sanofi to educate and inform the general public about illnesses caused by RSV.
-
Piedimonte G, Perez MK. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. Pediatr Rev 2014; 35: 519–30
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How RSV Spreads (available at: https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/causes/index.html); accessed September 2024.
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Mayo Clinic. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/respiratory-syncytial-virus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353098); accessed February 2024.
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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Australia (AIHW, 2025; available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/ea6f7231-720a-4bd7-918c-420e1b95e61a/aihw-phe-236_rsv_2025.pdf); accessed November 2025.
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Jacoby P et al. Characterizing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus in infants with older siblings: A population-based birth cohort study. Epidemiol Infec 2017; 145: 266–71.
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Yamin D et al. Vaccination strategies against respiratory syncytial virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113: 13239–44.
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UK Health Security Agency. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment, 2021 (available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-symptoms-transmission-prevention-treatment); accessed September 2024.
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Australian Immunisation Handbook. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; available at: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv): accessed November 2025.
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NSW Government. NSW Health. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; available at: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/respiratory-syncytial-virus.aspx); accessed February 2024.
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Evohealth report, May 2023. Time to act: Protecting our children from RSV (available at: https://www.evohealth.com.au/reports/time-to-act-protecting-our-children-from-rsv/); accessed February 2024.
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Eden J-S, et al. Off-season RSV epidemics in Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 2884 (doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30485-3).
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Saravanos GL, et al. RSV Epidemiology in Australia Before and During COVID-19. Pediatrics 2022; 149: e2021053537.
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NHS South Tees Hospitals. Temperature control (available at: https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/services/children-and-young-people/speciality/neonatal/family-guide/temperature-control/); accessed September 2024.
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Stein R et al. Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization and mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52: 556–69.
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The Sydney Children’s Hospital Network. Fact Sheet – respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (available at: https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-factsheet); accessed February 2024.
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Karron RA. Plotkin’s Vaccines. Seventh edition. Chapter 51, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines (Elsevier Inc.; 2018).
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Kaler J et al. Respiratory syncytial virus: A comprehensive review of transmission, pathophysiology, and manifestation. Cureus 2023; 15: e36342 (doi: 10.7759/cureus.36342).
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Pickles RJ, De Vincenzo JP. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and its propensity for causing bronchiolitis. J Pathol 2015; 235: 266–76.
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Hussain M et al. Wnt/β-catenin signaling links embryonic lung development and asthmatic airway remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863: 3226–42.
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Lambert L et al. Immunity to RSV in Early-Life. Front lmmunol 2014; 5: 466 (doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00466).
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Di Cicco M et al. Structural and functional development in airways throughout childhood: Children are not small adults. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56: 240–51.
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Simon AK et al. Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282: 20143085 (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.3085).
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Esposito S et al. Antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in children <18 months old. Hum Vaccin lmmunother 2016; 12: 1700–06.
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Smyth RL, Breary SP. Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine. Bronchiolitis (Elsevier Ltd.; 2006).
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Meissner HC. Viral bronchiolitis in children. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 62–72.
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Demont C et al. Economic and disease burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations in young children in France, from 2010 through 2018. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21(1): 730 (doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06399-8).
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Bianchini S et al. Role of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Pediatric Pneumonia. Microorganisms 2020; 8: 2048 (doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8122048).
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Health Direct. Respiratory syncytial virus (available at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv); accessed February 2024.
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Faucette A et al. Immunization of pregnant women: Future of early infant protection. Hum Vacc Immunother 2015; 11: 2549–55.
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Verwey C, Madhi SA. Review and Update of Active and Passive Immunization Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. BioDrugs 2023; 37: 295–309.
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Foley DA, Phuong LK. RSV: An update on prevention and management. Aust Presc 2025; 48: 34–39.
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Li Y, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: A systematic analysis. Lancet (London, England) [Internet. 2022; 399(10340): 2047–64 (available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35598608/).